上回看了platinum的"mrtg能做些什么"贴子，很受启发，于是也试着做了一个。但当时对 snmpd不是很熟，所以没有做成功，后来仔细看了一下 snmd的有关文章和RH中的/etc/snmp/snmpd.conf文件，发现用snmp+mrtg可以很好的实现对局域网内服务器状态的监控。 现在就以用snmp+mrtg监控一台局域网内的redhat机器（IP：192.168.13.103）的网卡、内存、CPU、 DISKIO为例子，谈一下如何实现。基本的法办就是用一台redhat监控机器（IP：192.168.13.105），通过snmpwalk命令去抓目标服务器的状态数据，然后用mrtg画出图来。 1、首先我们要把目标snmpd.conf文件的配好。这是用snmpwalk命令一抓取数据的关健。下面是目标机器（IP： 192.168.13.103）上的/etc/snmp/snmpd.conf文件部份内容，红色的部份是我对snmpd.conf所做的改动。 [root@wy1 root]# cat /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
##### First, map the community name "public" into a "security name"
# sec.name source communitycom2sec notConfigUser default public #定义community名称为 public，映射到安全名 notConfigUser。
##### Second, map the security name into a group name:
# groupName securityModel securityNamegroup notConfigGroup v1 notConfigUser #定义安全用户名notConfigUser映射到notConfigGroup组。group notConfigGroup v2c notConfigUser
##### Third, create a view for us to let the group have rights to: #定义一个view,来决定notConfigUser可以操作的范围。
# Make at least snmpwalk -v 1 localhost -c public system fast again. #定义可查看的snmp的范围。# name incl/excl suBTree mask(optional)view systemview included .1.3.6.1.2.1.1view systemview included .1.3.6.1.2.1.25.1.1[color=red:0e8fbf9ac6]view all included .1[/color:0e8fbf9ac6]##### Finally, grant the group read-only Access to the systemview view. #给notConfigGroup组所定义view名 all 以只读权限。
# group context sec.model sec.level prefix read write notif[color=red:0e8fbf9ac6]access notConfigGroup "" any noauth exact all none none[/color:0e8fbf9ac6]#access notConfigGroup "" any noauth exact mib2 none none
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# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Here is a commented out example configuration that allows less# restrictive access.
# YOU SHOULD CHANGE THE "COMMUNITY" TOKEN BELOW TO A NEW KEYWord ONLY# KNOWN AT YOUR SITE. YOU *MUST* CHANGE THE NETWORK TOKEN BELOW TO# SOMETHING REFLECTING YOUR LOCAL NETWORK ADDRESS SPACE.
## sec.name source community#com2sec local localhost COMMUNITY#com2sec mynetwork NETWORK/24 COMMUNITY
## group.name sec.model sec.name#group MyRWGroup any local#group MyROGroup any mynetwork##group MyRWGroup any otherv3user#...
## incl/excl subtree mask#view all included .1 80
## -or just the mib2 tree-
#view mib2 included .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 fc#view mib2 included .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 fc
## context sec.model sec.level prefix read write notif#access MyROGroup "" any noauth 0 all none none#access MyRWGroup "" any noauth 0 all all all
其实配制一个snmpd.conf文件不算太难，（1）首选是定义一个共同体名(community)，这里是public，及可以访问这个public的用户名（sec name），这里是notConfigUser。Public相当于用户notConfigUser的密码：）# sec.name source communitycom2sec notConfigUser default public（2）定义一个组名（groupName）这里是notConfigGroup，及组的安全级别，把notConfigGroup这个用户加到这个组中。 groupName securityModel securityNamegroup notConfigGroup v1 notConfigUser group notConfigGroup v2c notConfigUser （3）定义一个可操作的范围(view)名， 这里是all，范围是 .1 # name incl/excl subtree mask(optional) view all included .1 （4）定义notConfigUser这个组在all这个view范围内可做的操作，这时定义了notConfigUser组的成员可对.1这个范围做只读操作。 # group context sec.model sec.level prefix read write notifaccess notConfigGroup "" any noauth exact all none none
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ok,这样我们的snmpd.conf文件就基本配成了，用service snmpd restart重启snmpd服务。现在我们做一个测试，在监控机上打下面的命令： [root@wy2 root]# snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public systemSNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0 = STRING: Linux wy1 2.4.20-8smp #1 SMP Thu Mar 13 17:45:54 EST 2003 i686SNMPv2-MIB::sysObjectID.0 = OID: NET-SNMP-MIB::netSnmpAgentOIDs.10SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (7565377) 21:00:53.77SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.0 = STRING: Root <[email protected]> (configure /etc/snmp/snmp.local.conf)SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: wy1SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0 = STRING: wy1.wuying.com (edit /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf)SNMPv2-MIB::sysORLastChange.0 = Timeticks: (10) 0:00:00.10``````````````````````“Linux wy1 2.4.20-8smp”操作系统的信息已经出来了：）现在我们在目标机上来写一些脚本来显标MEM、CPU、DiskIOMEM数据的抓取脚本：[root@wy1 root]# cat mfree.sh #!/bin/sh/usr/bin/free -m grep Mem awk '{print $4}'/usr/bin/free -m grep Mem awk '{print $2}'[root@wy1 root]# sh mfree.sh (上面一个数据是内存使用量，下面的是内存总量,M)442 1006CPU数据的抓取脚本[root@wy1 root]# cat cpustat.sh#!/bin/shidle=`sar -u 1 3 grep Average awk '{print $6}'`used=`echo "101 - $idle" bc -l -s`echo $usedecho $idleDiskIO数据的抓取脚本[root@wy1 root]# cat iostat.sh （显示硬盘IO，k/s）#!/bin/shused1=`sar -d 1 3 tail -1 awk '{print $4}'`used2=`echo "$used1 / 2" bc -l`echo $used2echo $used2
好现在我们已经能得到这数据了，怎么才能让监控主机通过snmpd得到这些数据呢？可以在目标主机的/etc/snmp/snmpd.conf文件下面加个这些行：exec .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.53 mfree /bin/sh /root/mfree.sh exec .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.54 cpustat /bin/sh /root/cpustat.sh exec .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.55 iostat /bin/sh /root/iostat.shservice snmpd restart 重启目标主机上的snmpd服务。这样在监控主机上运行: [root@wy2 root]# snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.53UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.1.1 = INTEGER: 1UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.2.1 = STRING: "mfree"UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.3.1 = STRING: "/bin/sh /root/mfree.sh"UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.100.1 = INTEGER: 0UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.101.1 = STRING: "442"UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.101.2 = STRING: "1006"UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.102.1 = INTEGER: 0其中UCD-SNMP-MIB::ucdavis.53.101.1 = STRING: "442" 中的442就是mfree.sh输出的第一个数据，1006是mfree.sh输出的第二个数据。OK，再做一下加工：[root@wy2 root]# snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.53 grep 53.101 awk -F\" '{print $2}'4431006好，我们已经通过snmpd从监控主机上得到了目标主机上内存使用的这两个数据了：）,其它的两个脚本也一样： CPU使用、空闲。[root@wy2 root]# snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.54 grep 54.101 awk -F\" '{print $2}'1.1799.83 DISK IO 状态：[root@wy2 root]# snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.55 grep 55.101 awk -F\" '{print $2}'43.0000000000000000000043.00000000000000000000
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最后是编辑监控主机上的mrtg.cfg文件，在Target[xxxx]中加入上面的命令，下面是我的mrtg.cfg文件，前面的两个 Target是我用/usr/bin/cfgmaker --global 'WorkDir: /home/httpd/mrtg/net' -- global 'Options[_]:growright,bits' --ifref=ip [email protected] 命令生成的，后面的是我跟据platinum 的"mrtg能做些什么"的贴子内的mrtg.cfg文件改的。（在精华里，大家可以看一下）。[root@wy1 root]# cat /home/httpd/mrtg/103/mrtg.cfg # Created by # /usr/bin/cfgmaker --global 'WorkDir: /home/httpd/mrtg/net' --global 'Options[_]:growright,bits' --ifref=ip [email protected]
### Global Config Options
# for UNIX# WorkDir: /home/http/mrtg
# or for NT# WorkDir: c:\mrtgdata
### Global Defaults
# to get bits instead of bytes and graphs growing to the right# Options[_]: growright, bits
WorkDir: /home/httpd/mrtg/103Options[_]:growright,bitsLanguage: chinese####################################################################### System: wy1# Description: Linux wy1 2.4.20-8smp #1 SMP Thu Mar 13 17:45:54 EST 2003 i686# Contact: Root <[email protected]> (configure /etc/snmp/snmp.local.conf)# Location: wy1.wuying.com (edit /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf)######################################################################
### Interface 2 >> Descr: 'eth0' Name: '' Ip: '192.168.13.103' Eth: '00-06-5b-19-9d-ea' ###
Target[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: /192.168.13.103:[email protected]:SetEnv[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: MRTG_INT_IP="192.168.13.103" MRTG_INT_DESCR="eth0"MaxBytes[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: 1250000Xsize[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: 300Ysize[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: 100#kmg[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: K/s,M/s#kilo[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: 1024Title[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: Traffic for eth0 192.168.13.103 -- wy1PageTop[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: <H1>Traffic for eth0 192.168.13.103 -- wy1</H1>#Options[192.168.13.103_192.168.13.103]: growright,gauge,nopercent
### Interface 3 >> Descr: 'eth1' Name: '' Ip: '172.16.0.188' Eth: '00-06-5b-19-9d-e9' ###
Target[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: /172.16.0.188:[email protected]:SetEnv[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: MRTG_INT_IP="172.16.0.188" MRTG_INT_DESCR="eth1"Xsize[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: 300Ysize[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: 100MaxBytes[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: 1250000#ShortLegend[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: #kmg[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: b/s,Kb/s#kilo[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: 1024Title[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: Traffic for eth1 172.16.0.188 -- wy1PageTop[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: <H1>Traffic for eth1 172.16.0.188 -- wy1</H1>#Options[192.168.13.103_172.16.0.188]: growright,gauge,nopercent
###MEM status
Target[wy1_mem]:`snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.53 grep 53.101 awk -F\" '{print $2}'`#Targey[wy1_mem]: memTotalReal.0&memAvailReal.0:[email protected][wy1_mem]: 300Ysize[wy1_mem]: 100Ytics[wy1_mem]: 7MaxBytes[wy1_mem]: 1006Title[wy1_mem]:Memory State of WY1 IP 192.168.13.103 ServerPageTop[wy1_mem]:<H1>Memory State of WY1 IP 192.168.13.103 Server</H1>ShortLegend[wy1_mem]: MBkmg[wy1_mem]: MBkilo[wy1_mem]:1024YLegend[wy1_mem]: Memory UsageLegend1[wy1_mem]: 可用内存Legend2[wy1_mem]: 总内存量Legend3[wy1_mem]: 可用内存Legend4[wy1_mem]: 总内存量LegendI[wy1_mem]: 可用内存LegendO[wy1_mem]: 总内存量Options[wy1_mem]: growright,gauge,nopercent
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###cpu statusTarget[wy1_CPU]:`snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.54 grep 54.101 awk -F\" '{print $2}'`#Targey[wy1_CPU]: memTotalReal.0&memAvailReal.0:[email protected][wy1_CPU]: 300Ysize[wy1_CPU]: 100Ytics[wy1_CPU]: 7MaxBytes[wy1_CPU]: 100Title[wy1_CPU]:CPU State of WY1 IP 192.168.13.103 ServerPageTop[wy1_CPU]:<H1>CPU State of WY1 IP 192.168.13.103 Server</H1>ShortLegend[wy1_CPU]: kmg[wy1_CPU]: %#kilo[wy1_CPU]:1024YLegend[wy1_CPU]: CPU Usage Legend1[wy1_CPU]: 已用CPU: Legend2[wy1_CPU]: 可用CPU: LegendI[wy1_CPU]: 已用CPU: LegendO[wy1_CPU]: 可用CPU: Options[wy1_CPU]: growright,gauge,nopercent
###iostat###cpu statusTarget[wy1_IO]:`snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.13.103 -c public .1.3.6.1.4.1.2021.55 grep 55.101 awk -F\" '{print $2}'`#Targey[wy1_IO]: memTotalReal.0&memAvailReal.0:[email protected][wy1_IO]: 300Ysize[wy1_IO]: 100Ytics[wy1_IO]: 7MaxBytes[wy1_IO]: 10000Title[wy1_IO]: DISK IO State of WY1 IP 192.168.13.103 ServerPageTop[wy1_IO]:<H1>DISK IO State of WY1 IP 192.168.13.103 Server</H1>ShortLegend[wy1_IO]: kmg[wy1_IO]: K/s,M/skilo[wy1_IO]:1024YLegend[wy1_IO]: DISK IO SPEEDLegend1[wy1_IO]: IO速度:Legend2[wy1_IO]: IO速度:LegendI[wy1_IO]: IO速度:LegendO[wy1_IO]: IO速度:Options[wy1_IO]: growright,gauge,nopercent
用indexmaker -o /home/httpd/mrtg/103/index.Html /home/httpd/mrtg/103/mrtg.cfg 生成网页，在crontab 中加入*/5 * * * * mrtg /home/httpd/mrtg/103/mrtg.cfg OK，这样我们就能通过mrtg生成的图来监控我们linux的机器的状态了。在IE中打入http: //192.168.13.105/mrtg/103,mrtg的监控网页就出来啦（/home/httpd/是我appache的主目录）。当然我们也能用snmpwalk命令来得到安装有snmp服务的win2000机器的状态的数据：如：
[root@wy1 103]# snmpwalk -v 1 192.168.1.5 -c public HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorage HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrMemorySize.0 = INTEGER: 3800424 KBytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageIndex.1 = INTEGER: 1HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageIndex.2 = INTEGER: 2HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageIndex.3 = INTEGER: 3HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageIndex.4 = INTEGER: 4HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageIndex.5 = INTEGER: 5HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageIndex.6 = INTEGER: 6HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageType.1 = OID: HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES::hrStorageRemovableDiskHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageType.2 = OID: HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES::hrStorageFixedDiskHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageType.3 = OID: HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES::hrStorageFixedDiskHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageType.4 = OID: HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES::hrStorageFixedDiskHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageType.5 = OID: HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES::hrStorageCompactDiscHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageType.6 = OID: HOST-RESOURCES-TYPES::hrStorageVirtualMemoryHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageDescr.1 = STRING: A:\HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageDescr.2 = STRING: C:\ Label: Serial Number 581e89feHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageDescr.3 = STRING: D:\ Label:New Volume Serial Number 1cde6e55HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageDescr.4 = STRING: E:\ Label:DATA_BAK Serial Number 30d29147HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageDescr.5 = STRING: F:\HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageDescr.6 = STRING: Virtual MemoryHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationUnits.1 = INTEGER: 0 BytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationUnits.2 = INTEGER: 4096 BytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationUnits.3 = INTEGER: 4096 BytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationUnits.4 = INTEGER: 4096 BytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationUnits.5 = INTEGER: 0 BytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationUnits.6 = INTEGER: 65536 BytesHOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageSize.1 = INTEGER: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageSize.2 = INTEGER: 2050287HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageSize.3 = INTEGER: 15703529HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageSize.4 = INTEGER: 53263499HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageSize.5 = INTEGER: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageSize.6 = INTEGER: 89444HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsed.1 = INTEGER: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsed.2 = INTEGER: 1233681HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsed.3 = INTEGER: 591593HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsed.4 = INTEGER: 23583930HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsed.5 = INTEGER: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsed.6 = INTEGER: 50611HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationFailures.1 = Counter32: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationFailures.2 = Counter32: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationFailures.3 = Counter32: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationFailures.4 = Counter32: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationFailures.5 = Counter32: 0HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageAllocationFailures.6 = Counter32: 0上面显示的是192.168.1.5这台win2000SERVER的磁盘信息，可以看到盘符、每个分区的空间总量、使用量等。其它的相应建值还有：Diskused: HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrStorageUsedCPU: HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrProcessorLoadRUN Proc: HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrSWRunNameSYS Uptime: HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrSystemUptime SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTimeSYS Date: HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrSystemDateSYS Device: HOST-RESOURCES-MIB::hrDeviceDescrSYS Descr: SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescrSYS Name: SNMPv2-MIB::sysNamenetcard speed: IF-MIB::ifSpeednetcard physcal address: IF-MIB::ifPhysAddress这样我们就可以用一台linux主机通过snmp+mrtg来监控多台局域网内的linux/win2000SERVER了：）。现在我最关心的是如何让snmp包穿过防火墙，（我用snmpwalk试了一下，抓不到公司在IDC防火墙后的SERVER的snmp数据）。不然，我就可以用snmp去监控公司在IDC防火墙后的SERVER的状态了。听说perl能实现，但不知用什么样的方法来实现？
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作者：eagerlinuxer
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（出处：http://www.sheup.com）
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